Neurological oncology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of brain and spinal cord tumors, which can be benign or malignant. These tumors, such as glioblastoma multiforme and metastatic brain tumors, present unique challenges due to their location and impact on neurological function. In this expanded blog post, we’ll explore the latest advancements in diagnosis, treatment, and research for these complex conditions.

Glioblastoma Multiforme: Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and common primary brain tumor in adults. It is characterized by rapid growth, resistance to treatment, and a poor prognosis. The tumor microenvironment, including immune cells and blood vessels, plays a critical role in its progression.

Diagnostic Tools:

• MRI and CT Scans: Imaging techniques help identify tumor location, size, and spread.
• Biopsy: Tissue analysis confirms the diagnosis and guides treatment.

Treatment Options:

• Surgery: Maximal safe resection is the first step, though complete removal is often impossible due to the tumor’s invasive nature.
• Radiation and Chemotherapy: Temozolomide, combined with radiotherapy, is the standard treatment.
• Immunotherapy: Emerging therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell therapy, aim to harness the immune system to target GBM.
• Tumor Treating Fields (TTF): This novel therapy uses electric fields to disrupt cancer cell division.

Metastatic Brain Tumors: Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration

Metastatic brain tumors occur when cancer from other parts of the body spreads to the brain. Common primary cancers include lung, breast, and melanoma. These tumors often present with symptoms like headaches, seizures, and cognitive decline.

Diagnostic Tools:

• Imaging: MRI and PET scans help identify metastatic lesions.
• Biomarkers: Genetic testing of the primary tumor can guide targeted therapies.

Treatment Options:

• Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS): Precise, high-dose radiation targets tumors while sparing healthy tissue.
• Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy (WBRT): Used for multiple metastases, though it carries cognitive side effects.
• Targeted Therapies: Drugs that penetrate the blood-brain barrier, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are effective for certain cancers.
• Immunotherapy: Agents like pembrolizumab show promise in treating brain metastases from melanoma and other cancers.